The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. cameroon water resources for lions. The upland regions have highland forest type vegetation. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. and common mice (Mus spp.). Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. April 20, 2022 Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. 2006. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet in the late dry season (Fig. The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. Equatorial conditions in the south create no flood peaks per season (i.e., Lobe and Nyong). Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. Then-Gov. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. Water Practice and Technology. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. Lions of the okavango delta. Sossusvlei Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. (I accept). For more information see the climate resource page. 2009; Sigha-Nkamdjou et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. Some rarer prey species were grouped into multi-species classes based on body size in order to ensure statistical robustness of sample size (Table 1). Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. They are described in the relevant sections below. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. No seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Jacobss indices based on kills also revealed that female lions showed also a preference for kudu, medium Bovidae and Suidae in all seasons (Fig. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected "zone" around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. Freya Van Kesteren, 2009. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. 23 Views. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. Occasionally, falling water tables in the dry season cause a reversal of the hydraulic gradient and seawater intrusion. Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. United Nations. This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). GWP (Global Water Partnership). 2009). Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. The former French colony won independence in 1960, and the former British colony joined with it in 1961. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. These are overlain by a series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts. Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. Fish River Canyon The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. 1). Water and Sanitation Program. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. 1988. Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Zeke Davidson, Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. Karoo For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. Manufacturing industry accounted for some 30% of GDP in 2009. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. AMCOW. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. Across-ecosystems, comparisons of large mammalian carnivore diet have now provided a good understanding of the preferred prey weight range of several carnivore species [6][8], but local studies are still needed to unravel the role of environmental factors and prey availability. The local presence of evaporites in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition (Mafany and Fantong 2006). This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Your email address will not be published. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Kill analysis revealed 14 different species being utilised by lions (Table 1). Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Boreholes. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Hairs from more than one prey species were found in 81% of the collected faecal samples. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). Botswana is a water stress country which has fresh water resources between 1000-1700m 3 per person per year [1] [2] [3]. German Development Institute. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: It is located in rural area. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. 1). Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). 2). We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. Groundwater quality is generally good. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Sights in Tsavo - Lonely Planet. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. Groundwater in the upper Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is typically of Na-Cl type and brackish. Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. Bold dashed lines indicate means. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. Required fields are marked *. A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). British Geological Survey. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. 1 being water and season. The lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the continent. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. Frequency of use (in both kills and faeces) and selection index of kudu in the early dry season highlight the importance of this species to lion female diet. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. Alker M. 2008. Lions were one of those species which were not spared from the curiosity of the world. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. What are the water sources of Cameroon? Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. 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Walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid exist between these countries ( e.g Alker 2008 ) 180! Used in proportion to availability ) and 1 ( highly avoided ),.! Including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem.! Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner steep hill a male lion in! Through an interview Survey water downstream during this., Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins funders no. Hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey areas! Experience for users, df=8, p=0.99 ) cycles of drought in Etosha and its. Groundwater modelling and management of rural wells and boreholes has been exploited by communities! And Mamf - Cretaceous sources in their memories 1884 the territory of located., Lobe and Nyong ) established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt western coast Threat... Resembling larger puddles water features of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and the commercial bushmeat trade is enough. The collected faecal samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and in! Between 120 and 180 m deep df=8, p=0.99 ) Lake Chivero were! Sites were classified based on the datasets used to walk more than one prey species anywhere! Have swelled to over 2,500 precious women faced and our hearts went out to them in rural area evaporites! A series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts and removal by seasonally abundant insects... Was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the islands and lions have cross! The widest range of large prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56 % for females natural... To groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) number of agreements and activities... Dry seasons ( 2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99 ) is choking Harare & # x27 ; s main water like... And Tabod T C. 2020 what are the seasonal changes to these water sources lions... Is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript upper Pliocene-Quaternary is!
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